Prevalence of respiratory viruses and nasal colonization by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria among people living with HIV in Ghana
An article in BMC Infectious Diseases, published February 2026
Authors: Mildred Asumamaa Adusei-Poku, Lawrencia Ami Emefa Ativi, Hawawu Ahmed Zakariah, Evelyn Yayra Bonney, Ivy Asantewaa Asante, Nicholas T. K. D. Dayie, George Boateng Kyei, Justice Kwesi Danso, Agnes Oclu, Esimebia Amegashie, Osbourne Quaye, Elijah Paintsil, Kwasi Torpey & Beverly Egyir
Respiratory infections are prevalent among individuals with compromised immune systems. While these infections are typically self-limiting, they can cause severe morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised individuals, particularly people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Despite the substantial burden of HIV in the sub-Saharan region, there is scarcity of data on respiratory infections among PLWH.
This study examined how often people living with HIV in Ghana carry respiratory viruses and antibiotic‑resistant bacteria. Researchers tested 240 adults on antiretroviral therapy and found that about one‑third had at least one virus or bacterium, even if they felt well. The most common virus was a seasonal coronavirus called NL63, and the most common bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus. Many participants carried both at the same time, which can increase the risk of illness because viral infections can make it easier for bacteria to cause disease. The bacteria that were found showed high levels of resistance to commonly used antibiotics, including drugs frequently given to people with HIV. Surprisingly, having a detectable HIV viral load or having respiratory symptoms did not make someone more likely to test positive for a virus or bacterium. This means infections may go unnoticed without testing. The findings suggest that respiratory pathogens are common in this population, antibiotic resistance is a growing concern, and symptoms alone are not a reliable way to identify infections. The study highlights the need for continued monitoring and careful antibiotic use to protect people living with HIV.